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Debate:
Stimulant Drugs Cause Increase in Future Drug
Abuse
It seems common sense that
giving a child a Class II Narcotic Drug, like
cocaine, to help get through tough times and to
control one's behavior would lead that
child to believe they really don't have control
of themselves, as this is what is being told to
them via the pill. Is it any surprise then
their internal locus of control is dampened?
This study found more drug addiction in children with ADHD who took methylphenidate
compared with children with ADHD who took no drugs (J Learn, Disabil. 1998;31:533-544);
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Addiction,
Volume
101, Issue 5 Page 713 - May 2006,
doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01408.x |
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Subjective responses to initial
experience with cocaine: an exploration
of the incentive–sensitization theory of
drug abuse |
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Nadine M. Lambert1,
Marsha McLeod1
& Susan Schenk2 |
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This study investigated the relationship
between positive and negative subjective
responses at the time of initial cocaine
use with adult cocaine dependence and
life-time use rates.
Psycho-stimulant pre-exposure, regular
smoking or stimulant treatment before
initiation were examined to explore the
incentive sensitization theory of
addiction. A total of 202
adult participants who had tried cocaine
on at least one occasion were studied
prospectively from childhood into
adulthood. The cocaine-initiated group
included 89 who met Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual version IV
(DSM-IV) criteria for attention deficit
hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and 113
age-matched controls.
Five childhood and three adulthood
interviews provided data on ages of
initiation into cocaine and life-time
use of cocaine from ages 16–40 years.
Correlations of each subjective response
and analyses of variance (ANOVAs) of
cocaine 'liking' and 'wanting' with
DSM-III-R cocaine dependence and
life-time use provided support for the
validity of the measures. ANOVA provided
evidence of the effect of
psychostimulant pre-exposure on 'liking'
and 'wanting'. Logistic regression
modeled the prediction of dependence and
life-time use with the independent
variables of 'liking' and 'wanting',
psychostimulant pre-exposure and
participant characteristics.
When cocaine was first tried, 'liking'
and 'wanting' were significant
predictors of cocaine dependence and
life-time use. Mean 'liking' or
'wanting' responses did not differ by
participant characteristics. Those
who were pre-exposed by regular smoking
or stimulant treatment had higher
'liking' and 'wanting' scores;
but participants who were pre-exposed by
both stimulant treatment and regular
smoking reported the lowest liking and
the highest wanting responses,
consistent with the incentive
sensitization theory.
Logistic regression showed that the
'liking' and 'wanting' responses
increased significantly the odds of
DSM-III-R cocaine dependence and
life-time use.
Conclusion In
this sample, subjective 'liking' and
'wanting' measured risk for cocaine
abuse. |
Now, the other
really well paid researchers...
Hartsough CS, Lambert NM. Pattern
and progression of drug use among hyperactives
and controls: a prospective short-term
longitudinal study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry
1987 Jul;28(4):543-53, and
The Barkley
et al, Farone & Willens, Biederman et al studies
were a direct response to refute her
ongoing study. Barkely, Farone and
Biederman studies all show that stimulant
treatment prevents the development of substance
abuse disorder - particularly tobacco and
cocaine.
The way they did this
is by taking out any kids who develop comorbid
CD or ODD. They say they were not true
"ADHD" and take them out of the treatment group.
Biederman also had a
trick of using controls who were the elder
siblings of the ADHD treatment group. In
his study the average age of controls was around
17 and the treatment group around 15 years. The
fact the controls were on average two years
older, had access to driving etc significantly
increase the controls of having access to
cocaine and crack bias Biederman's results
totally.
Nadine was one of the old
school in the ADHD group going back to the
1970s. She goes way back. She once made a
comment to me that Barkley really used to like
her work until she found something that he
didn't like. She was of the opinion that the
others were all in the hands of big pharma. I
thought she published her latest findings in
EHPP journal a few years ago!
Also,
"A group of 65 children with ADHD who had never
taken medication grew somewhat larger — about
three-fourths of an inch and 6 pounds more, on
average — than a group of 88 peers who stayed on
medication over the three years. Growth rates
normalized for the children on medication by the
third year, but they had not made up for the
earlier slowing in growth.
"...despite (drug) treatment, the children with
ADHD showed significantly higher-than-normal
rates of delinquency (27.1 percent vs. 7.4
percent) and substance use (17.4 percent vs. 7.8
percent) after three years. Earlier evidence of
lower substance use rates among children who had
received intensive behavioral therapy had
lessened by the third year."
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/press/mtafollowup.cfm
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